Chillers

A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. A vapor-compression water chiller comprises the 4 major components of the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle (compressor, evaporator, condenser, and some form of metering device). These machines can implement a variety of refrigerants. Adsorption chillers use municipal water as the refrigerant and benign silica gel as the desiccant. Absorption chillers utilize water as the refrigerant and rely on the strong affinity between the water and a lithium bromide solution to achieve a refrigeration effect. Most often, pure water is chilled, but this water may also contain a percentage of glycol and/or corrosion inhibitors; other fluids such as thin oils can be chilled as well. Contents [hide] 1 Use in air conditioning 2 Use in industry 3 Vapor-Compression Chiller Technology 4 How Adsorption Technology Works 5 How Absorption Technology Works 5. 1 Industrial chiller technology Industrial chiller selection 7 Refrigerants 8 See also 9 References 10 External links [edit] Use in air conditioning In air conditioning systems, chilled water is typically distributed to heat exchangers, or coils, in air handling units, or other type of terminal devices which cool the air in its respective space(s), and then the chilled water is re-circulated back to the chiller to be cooled again. These cooling coils transfer sensible heat and lat ent heat from the air to the chilled water, thus cooling and usually dehumidifying the air stream. A typical chiller for air conditioning applications is rated between 15 to 1500 tons (180,000 to 18,000,000 BTU/h or 53 to 5,300 kW) in cooling capacity. Chilled water temperatures can range from 35 to 45 degrees Fahrenheit or 1. 5 to 7 degrees Celsius, depending upon application requirements. [1] [2] [edit] Use in industry In industrial application, chilled water or other liquid from the chiller is pumped through process or laboratory equipment. Industrial chillers are used for controlled cooling of products, mechanisms and factory machinery in a wide range of industries. They are often used in the plastic industry in injection and blow molding, metal working cutting oils, welding equipment, die-casting and machine tooling, chemical processing, pharmaceutical formulation, food and beverage processing, paper and cement processing, vacuum systems, X-ray diffraction, power supplies and power generation stations, analytical equipment, semiconductors, compressed air and gas cooling. They are also used to cool high-heat specialized items such as MRI machines and lasers, and in hospitals, hotels and campuses. The chillers for industrial applications can be centralized, where each chiller serves multiple cooling needs, or decentralized where each application or machine has its own chiller. Each approach has its advantages. It is also possible to have a combination of both central and decentral chillers, especially if the cooling requirements are the same for some applications or points of use, but not all. Decentral chillers are usually small in size (cooling capacity), usually from 0. 2 tons to 10 tons. Central chillers generally have capacities ranging from ten tons to hundreds or thousands of tons. Chilled water is used to cool and dehumidify air in mid- to large-size commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII) facilities. Water chillers can be either water cooled, air-cooled, or evaporatively cooled. Water-cooled chillers incorporate the use of cooling towers which improve the chillers' thermodynamic effectiveness as compared to air-cooled chillers. This is due to heat rejection at or near the air's wet-bulb temperature rather than the higher, sometimes much higher, dry-bulb temperature. Evaporatively cooled chillers offer efficiencies better than air cooled, but lower than water cooled. Water cooled chillers are typically intended for indoor installation and operation, and are cooled by a separate condenser water loop and connected to outdoor cooling towers to expel heat to the atmosphere. Air Cooled and Evaporatively Cooled chillers are intended for outdoor installation and operation. Air cooled machines are directly cooled by ambient air being mechanically circulated directly through the machine's condenser coil to expel heat to the atmosphere. Evaporatively cooled machines are similar, except they implement a mist of water over the condenser coil to aid in condenser cooling, making the machine more efficient than a traditional air cooled machine. No remote cooling tower is typically required with either of these types of packaged air cooled or evaporatively cooled chillers. Where available, cold water readily available in nearby water bodies might be used directly for cooling, or to replace or supplement cooling towers. The Deep Lake Water Cooling System in Toronto, Canada, is an example. It dispensed with the need for cooling towers, with a significant cut in carbon emissions and energy consumption. It uses cold lake water to cool the chillers, which in turn are used to cool city buildings via a district cooling system. The return water is used to warm the city's drinking water supply which is desirable in this cold climate. Whenever a chiller's heat rejection can be used for a productive purpose, in addition to the cooling function, very high thermal effectivenesses are possible. [edit] Vapor-Compression Chiller Technology There are basically four different types of compressors used in vapor compression chillers: Reciprocating compression, scroll compression, screw-driven compression, and centrifugal compression are all mechanical machines that can be powered by electric motors, steam, or gas turbines. They produce their cooling effect via the â€Å"reverse-Rankine† cycle, also known as ‘vapor-compression'. With evaporative cooling heat rejection, their coefficients-of-performance (COPs) are very high and typically 4. 0 or more. In recent years, application of Variable Speed Drive (VSD) technology has increased efficiencies of vapor compression chillers. The first VSD was applied to centrifugal compressor chillers in the late 1970s and has become the norm as the cost of energy has increased. Now, VSDs are being applied to rotary screw and scroll technology compressors. [edit] How Adsorption Technology Works Adsorption chillers are driven by hot water. This hot water may come from any number of industrial sources including waste heat from industrial processes, prime heat from solar thermal installations or from the exhaust or water jacket heat of a piston engine or turbine. The principle of adsorption is based on the interaction of gases and solids. With adsorption chilling, the molecular interaction between the solid and the gas allow the gas to be adsorbed into the solid. The adsorption chamber of the chiller is filled with solid material, silica gel, eliminating the need for moving parts and eliminating the noise associated with those moving parts. The silica gel creates an extremely low humidity condition that causes the water refrigerant to evaporate at a low temperature. As the water evaporates in the evaporator, it cools the chilled water. The use of a benign silica gel desiccant keeps the maintenance costs and operating costs of adsorption chillers low. edit] How Absorption Technology Works Absorption chillers' thermodynamic cycle are driven by heat source; this heat is usually delivered to the chiller via steam, hot water, or combustion. Compared to electrically powered chillers, they have very low electrical power requirements – very rarely above 15 kW combined consumption for both the solution pump and the refr igerant pump. However, their heat input requirements are large, and their COPs are often 0. 5 (single-effect) to 1. 0 (double-effect). For the same tonnage capacity, they require much larger cooling towers than vapor-compression chillers. However, absorption chillers, from an energy-efficiency point-of-view, excel where cheap, high grade heat or waste heat is readily available. In extremely sunny climates, solar energy has been used to operate absorption chillers. The single effect absorption cycle uses water as the refrigerant and lithium bromide as the absorbent. It is the strong affinity that these two substances have for one another that makes the cycle work. The entire process occurs in almost a complete vacuum. 1. Solution Pump – A dilute lithium bromide solution is collected in the bottom of the absorber shell. From here, a hermetic solution pump moves the solution through a shell and tube heat exchanger for preheating. 2. Generator – After exiting the heat exchanger, the dilute solution moves into the upper shell. The solution surrounds a bundle of tubes which carries either steam or hot water. The steam or hot water transfers heat into the pool of dilute lithium bromide solution. The solution boils, sending refrigerant vapor upward into the condenser and leaving behind concentrated lithium bromide. The concentrated lithium bromide solution moves down to the heat exchanger, where it is cooled by the weak solution being pumped up to the generator. . Condenser – The refrigerant vapor migrates through mist eliminators to the condenser tube bundle. The refrigerant vapor condenses on the tubes. The heat is removed by the cooling water which moves through the inside of the tubes. As the refrigerant condenses, it collects in a trough at the bottom of the condenser. 4. Evaporator â⠂¬â€œ The refrigerant liquid moves from the condenser in the upper shell down to the evaporator in the lower shell and is sprayed over the evaporator tube bundle. Due to the extreme vacuum of the lower shell [6 mm Hg (0. kPa) absolute pressure], the refrigerant liquid boils at approximately 39 °F (3. 9 °C), creating the refrigerant effect. (This vacuum is created by hygroscopic action – the strong affinity lithium bromide has for water – in the Absorber directly below. ) 5. Absorber – As the refrigerant vapor migrates to the absorber from the evaporator, the strong lithium bromide solution from the generator is sprayed over the top of the absorber tube bundle. The strong lithium bromide solution actually pulls the refrigerant vapor into solution, creating the extreme vacuum in the evaporator. The absorption of the refrigerant vapor into the lithium bromide solution also generates heat which is removed by the cooling water. The now dilute lithium bromide solution collects in the bottom of the lower shell, where it flows down to the solution pump. The chilling cycle is now completed and the process begins once again. [edit] Industrial chiller technology Industrial chillers typically come as complete packaged closed-loop systems, including the chiller unit, condenser, and pump station with recirculating pump, expansion valve, no-flow shutdown, internal cold water tank, and temperature control. The internal tank helps maintain cold water temperature and prevents temperature spikes from occurring. Closed loop industrial chillers recirculate a clean coolant or clean water with condition addititives at a constant temperature and pressure to increase the stability and reproducibility of water-cooled machines and instruments. The water flows from the chiller to the application's point of use and back. If the water temperature differentials between inlet and outlet are high, then a large external water tank would be used to store the cold water. In this case the chilled water is not going directly from the chiller to the application, but goes to the external water tank which acts as a sort of â€Å"temperature buffer. † The cold water tank is much larger than the internal water tank. The cold water goes from the external tank to the application and the return hot water from the application goes back to the external tank, not to the chiller. The less common open loop industrial chillers control the temperature of a liquid in an open tank or sump by constantly recirculating it. The liquid is drawn from the tank, pumped through the chiller and back to the tank. An adjustable thermostat senses the makeup liquid temperature, cycling the chiller to maintain a constant temperature in the tank. One of the newer developments in industrial water chillers is the use of water cooling instead of air cooling. In this case the condenser does not cool the hot refrigerant with ambient air, but uses water cooled by a cooling tower. This development allows a reduction in energy requirements by more than 15% and also allows a significant reduction in the size of the chiller due to the small surface area of the water based condenser and the absence of fans. Additionally, the absence of fans allows for significantly reduced noise levels. Most industrial chillers use refrigeration as the media for cooling, but some rely on simpler techniques such as air or water flowing over coils containing the coolant to regulate temperature. Water is the most commonly used coolant within process chillers, although coolant mixtures (mostly water with a coolant additive to enhance heat dissipation) are frequently employed. [edit] Industrial chiller selection Important specifications to consider when searching for industrial chillers include the total life cycle cost, the power source, chiller IP rating, chiller cooling capacity, evaporator capacity, evaporator material, evaporator type, condenser material, condenser capacity, ambient temperature, motor fan type, noise level, internal piping materials, number of compressors, type of compressor, number of fridge circuits, coolant requirements, fluid discharge temperature, and COP (the ratio between the cooling capacity in RT to the energy consumed by the whole chiller in KW). For medium to large chillers this should range from 3. 5-7. 0 with higher values meaning higher efficiency. Chiller efficiency is often specified in kilowatts per refrigeration ton (kW/RT). Process pump specifications that are important to consider include the process flow, process pressure, pump material, elastomer and mechanical shaft seal material, motor voltage, motor electrical class, motor IP rating and pump rating. If the cold water temperature is lower than -5 °C, then a special pump needs to be used to be able to pump the high concentrations of ethylene glycol. Other important specifications include the internal water tank size and materials and full load amperage. Control panel features that should be considered when selecting between industrial chillers include the local control panel, remote control panel, fault indicators, temperature indicators, and pressure indicators. Additional features include emergency alarms, hot gas bypass, city water switchover, and casters. [edit] Refrigerants A vapor-compression chiller uses a refrigerant internally as its working fluid. Many refrigerants options are available; when selecting a chiller, the application cooling temperature requirements and refrigerant's cooling characteristics need to be matched. Important parameters to consider are the operating temperatures and pressures. There are several environmental factors that concern refrigerants, and also affect the future availability for chiller applications. This is a key consideration in intermittent applications where a large chiller may last for 25 years or more. Ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP) of the refrigerant need to be considered. ODP and GWP data for some of the more common vapor-compression refrigerants: Refrigerant ODP GWP R-134a 0 1300 R-123 0. 012 120 R-22 0. 05 1700 R401a 0. 027 970 R404a 0 3260 R407a 0 R407c 0 1525 R408a 0. 016 3020 R409a 0. 039 1290 R410a 0 1725 R500 0. 7 R502 0. 18 5600 [edit] See also HVAC Cooling tower Evaporative cooling Chemical engineering Mechanical engineering Architectural engineering Building services engineering [edit] References ^ American Society of Heating and Refrigeration Enginneers http://www. ashrae. org/publications/page/158 ^ Hydronika supplies 5 ton chiller units http://hydronika. com

Customs and traditions in the USA Essay

Customs and traditions are important part of our culture, of our lives. Customs and traditions unite, build community. They provide identity. They tie us to our ancestors and heritage. They remind us of where we came from. Every country and every nation has it’s own traditions and customs. It’s very important to know traditions and customs of different people. It will help you to know more about the history and life of different nations and countries. Custom is a traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time; a thing that one does habitually. Tradition is the transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way; long-established custom or belief that has been passed on from one generation to another All countries have their social customs and peculiarities, and the US is no exception. The first group of custom which is worth speaking about is connected with meeting someone. When meeting someone for the first time, it is customary to shake hands, both for men and for women. Hugs are only exchanged between close friends. Kissing is not common. Among friends, it’s common for men to kiss ladies on one or both cheeks. Men don’t usually kiss or embrace each other. Americans usually introduce themselves by their first name and last name (such as â€Å"Hello, I’m John Smith†), or, if the setting is very casual, by their first name only (â€Å"Hi, I’m John†). The common response when someone is introduced to you is â€Å"Pleased to meet you.† Americans generally dislike formality or any sort of social deference due to age or position, and most quickly say ‘Please call me Rick (or Rita)’. To Americans, informality shows no lack of respect. Because of the rise of women’s liberation in America, women may be introduced with the title ‘Ms’ (pronounced ‘mizz’) and some women object to being addressed as ‘Miss’ or ‘Mrs’. In some social circles, women are introduced after their husbands, e.g. Mrs Chuck Whizzkid, in which case you shouldn’t address her as Chuck! Americans often reply ‘You’re Welcome’ or something similar when somebody thanks them, and they may think you’re impolite if you don’t do likewise. If someone asks ‘How are you?’, it’s usual to reply ‘Fine thanks’ and don’t complain even if you feel dreadful. Americans don’t have status or inherited titles (e.g. Sir or Lord) but it is necessary to defer to people with a professional title which has been earned. These include foreign diplomats (e.g. Sir), members of the Senate (Senator) or Congress (Congressman/Congresswoman), judges, medical doctors and others with a doctorate, military officers (e.g. General, Colonel), professors, priests and other religious ministers (e.g. Father, Rabbi, Reverend). If you’re invited to dinner, it’s customary to take along a small present, e.g. flowers, a plant, chocolates or a bottle of wine (but nothing extravagant or ostentatious). But choosing flowers you should remember that American people pay attention to the meaning of flowers. For example carnations are associated with bad luck, chrysanthemums are for cemeteries and roses signify love. Guests are normally expected to be punctual with the exception of certain society parties, when late arrival is de rigueur (provided you don’t arrive after the celebrity guest). It’s usual to arrive half an hour to an hour after the official start of a dance. Invitations to cocktail parties or receptions may state 5pm to 7pm, in which case you may arrive at any time between these hours. Dinner invitations are often phrased as 8pm for 8.30pm. This means you should arrive at 8pm for drinks and dinner will be served at 8.30pm. Anyone who arrives late for dinner or doesn’t turn up at all, should expect to be excluded from future guest lists. On the other hand, you must never arrive early. The custom of not taking off the shoes is peculiar to Americans. That is why don’t think of whether you should take off your shoes or not. If it is necessary the host will warn you about it himself. When watching American films I always wondered why Americans did not take off their footwear. The matter turns out to be that there is no much dirty and dust in American streets. Some people who were in America say that it is possible to sit on some pavements and not to make oneself dirty. One more reason explaining this custom is that majority of Americans prefer driving but not going of foot. That is why they are not afraid of dirtying their houses. Some families say grace before meals, so follow your host’s example before tucking in. Table manners are more relaxed in the U.S. than in many other countries. The fork is held in the right hand and is used for eating. The knife is used to cut something. To use the knife, the fork is switched to the left hand. To continue eating, the fork is switched back to the right hand. Don’t overstay your welcome. This becomes obvious when your host starts looking at his watch, talking about his early start the next day. The custom which is also typical for the USA is tipping. Most Americans are shocked by anyone who doesn’t tip or who tips too little. The one you will encounter most often is at restaurants. American restaurants do not add a service charge to the bill. Therefore it is expected that the customer will leave a tip for the server. Common practice is to leave a tip that is equal to 15% of the total bill for acceptable service, and about 20% for superior service. If the service was unusually poor, then you could leave a smaller tip, about 10%. Other professions where tipping is expected include hairdressers, taxi drivers, hotel porters, parking valets, and bartenders. The general rule is to tip approximately 15% of the bill. In situations where there is no bill the tip may range from $1 to $5, depending on the type of establishment and on how good the service was. The custom of tipping came to America from Great Britain. In the 18th century in Great Britain the boxes with the inscription T.I.P.S. which was meant To Insure Prompt Service were on the tables during having tea. Then this term came to America. Baby showers have been a tradition in the US for a long time now, and are growing in popularity here, too. What better excuse is there for getting a group of friends together than to celebrate a new life? Plus, the mum-to-be get lots of great presents for her and her baby, result! The only person who shouldn’t arrange a baby shower is the mum-to-be. The whole event should be great fun and completely stress-free for her. Friends, family or work colleagues are the usual organizers. You could either keep it as a surprise for the mum-to-be, or tell her what you are planning. Baby showers usually have some sort of baby theme to get everyone in the mood. Popular themes include: Teddy bear’s tea party. Get hold of as many teddies as you can and make sure each guest brings one, too! As presents, they could bring teddy bear-related books. The cake could be in the shape of a teddy bear. You get the general idea! Nursery rhymes. Arrange toys linked to nursery rhymes around the room , such as shoes (There was an old lady), a spider (Little Miss Muffet), a bucket (Jack & Jill’s pail), and toy boats (Row row row your boat). Ask guests if they can count how many rhymes are represented. Books. Ask each guest to bring a book that meant something to them as a child. It’s a great way for mum to start up her child’s library. For decoration, everyone could also bring books to arrange around the room. The cake could be in the shape of a fairytale book. One more tradition connected with babies is to give a baby a birthstone. The Tradition of Birthstones goes back further than written history. People wear jewelry containing stones designated for their Birth Month. In the USA there are a lot of traditions connecting with wedding. It is known that before marriage engagement takes place. As a rule a man invite a woman to the restaurant to make her a proposal. Engagement ring obligatory should have a brilliant. The diamond engagement ring originated with King Maximillian who presented Mary of Burgundy with a diamond ring in 1477 as a token of his love. And the ring is presented unexpectedly. It may found in the glass of champagne by the woman or in the bud of the rose. To my mind this tradition is very romantic. The tradition of a Bachelor Party which is held for the Groom and usually sponsored by The Best Man the night before the Wedding and a Bridal Shower which is usually sponsored by The Bride’s Maid is very popular in the USA. By the way the number of bridesmaids in America amount from two to twenty. The tradition of bridesmaids dressing the same as each other and in similar style to the bride comes from ancient days when it was believed that evil spirits have a more difficult time distinguishing which one is the bride and putting a hex on her. The tradition of a Wedding Rehearsal Dinner also takes place in America. It is usually celebrated between the immediate families of spouses in the late afternoon the day before the wedding. The Groom’s Family traditionally provides for this celebration. The Wedding Ceremony is most often performed as part of a religious ceremony each with its own specific customs and traditions. On the day of the wedding the Groom does not see the Bride until the actual ceremony. As Custom would have it from Victorian Times: the Bride wears Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, Something Blue, and a Sixpence in her shoe. The bride and groom exchange their rings to mark the permanent commitment of the new spouses to each other. The rings should be gold. According to history gold rings signified a financial sacrifice on the part of the prospective husband. Ring finger is the fourth ringer which is considered to be connected directly to the heart by a route that was called â€Å"the vein of love.† In the USA tradition of engraving of wedding rings is popular. The kiss on weddings dates back to the earliest days of civilization in the Middle East. A kiss was used as the formal seal to agreements, contracts, etc. In Ancient Rome a kiss was still being used as the legal bold to seal contracts. Hence the obvious use of the custom at the end of the wedding ceremony to â€Å"seal† the marriage vows. After the wedding ceremony newlyweds are covered with rice which is used as a symbol of fertility and as a wish for a â€Å"full pantry†. A Wedding Reception is usually held after the ceremony for all family and friends to celebrate. The Bride’s Family usually provides for this celebration. Traditionally the groom’s flower, worn on his lapel, usually matches one of the flowers in his bride’s bouquet. This tradition goes back to medieval times when knights wore the colors of their lady in tournaments. All of us know the tradition of throwing bridal bouquet and garter. The history of this tradition is very interesting I believe. In parts of Europe during the 14th contrary, having a piece of the bride’s clothing was thought to bring good luck. Guests would literally destroy the brides dress by ripping off pieces of fabric. In order to prevent this, brides began throwing their bouquets to the unwed girls. And grooms began to throw garter to unmarried men. One more wedding tradition is connected with CARRYING THE BRIDE OVER THE THRESHOLD Traditionally, the bride had to enter her new home the first time through the front door. If she tripped or stumbled while entering it was considered to be very bad luck. And the groom carried her over the threshold les she should stumble. Hence the tradition of the groom carrying the bride over the threshold. They bring us all together, no matter where we are. We can all relate to them and understand each other because we all use them. It is also a great connection for family and friends. There are traditions that are upheld for hundreds of years that are so important in our hearts. It links and connects us to past members of our family and our world whom we may never have gotten the chance to meet. They teach us about ourselves, our families, and the world around us. We can learn our history, why this tradition was started and what it signifies when we follow it today. They can work as the glue that holds us together. They are our culture, our heritage; they are us.

Implications for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Special Education Teacher Preparation in Classroom Management: Implications for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Foundations of Exceptionality (EDUC 521)Special Education Teacher Preparation in Classroom Management:Implications for Students with Emotional and Behavioral DisordersClassroom management and organization plays a vital role in the learning process for all students, and especially in students having EBD. The research conducted in the article, Special Education Teacher Preparation in Classroom Management: Implications for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, by Regina Oliver and Daniel Reschly, examines the question â€Å"Do academic courses and training prepare special education teachers to know how to cope with the needs of EBD children in the classroom?† Special education teachers need the skills to manage the classroom effectively; lacking this knowledge can lead to students spending too much time outside the classroom and the learning process.To examine the academics in teacher preparation programs a study was conducted using syllabi from these programs employing information from a larger assessment of higher education institutions; only classroom management categories were evaluated. In measuring this data the Innovation Configuration (IC) chart was utilized; IC’s are the usual form of quantifying assessment (Oliver & Reschly, 2010).The results indicate that many institutions of higher learning were lacking in areas of curriculum preparing special education teachers to work with EBD students and their behaviors in the classroom. Areas established to be lacking were: active supervision and student engagement, classroom routines, structured environment, and school wide behavioral expectations. In the syllabi from the institutions many of the elements listed were not included and 42% did not include teaching how to set up classroom rules; a well planned set of rules and expectations in the classroom is a pr eventive  approach to discipline (2010).One can see that there could be a correlation between teacher preparation curriculum and EBD student’s behaviors and the learning process; further studies are needed to ascertain a connection. Students and teachers would greatly gain from such studies, because it could warrant a change in curriculum and training.

Legal and economic rights of Ancient Egyptian women Essay

Legal and economic rights of Ancient Egyptian women - Essay Example Any assets she brought into the home were under her control though her husband had use of them. Any property amassed during the marriage was governed by the husband but a share of it belonged to the wife. One third of the property went to her if the marriage ended or her husband died. The ability to reproduce offspring was a crucial aspect to every ancient Egyptian woman. One who was fertile was considered to be successful in the eyes of their husbands, family, friends, and society in general. If she was sterile and could not procreate most men sought divorce. They saw raising as many children as possible as a testament to their masculinity. However, as in modern society, adoption was the way to remedy the situation of infertility. Because of the shorter life expectancy and high birth rates in ancient Egypt, there were many orphaned children who sought homes and families. As in most legal cases in Egypt, women were afforded many property rights. All private property she brought into a marriage belonged to her in the event of divorce. She was entitled to inherit one third of all property purchased during the marriage upon the death of her husband. The remaining two thirds was allotted to the children and siblings of the deceased. She also had the ability to entrust her husbands property to her children or her siblings. On the flip side, she could also exclude her children from her personal and shared property. It could be awarded to certain children and omitted from others. Egyptian women entered into all kinds of contracts: marriage, divorce, property, and even self-enslavement to name a few. The latter was actually common amongst both men and women. To enter into... The proof that Egyptian women were entitled to this legal and economic independence was acquired during the Ptolemaic period. The Greeks ruled Egypt around 300 B.C. though each had their own separate laws and social economic traditions. To this kind of notoriety comes another type that is more like infamy. Some women became famous for being convicted of crimes. An example is a woman named Nesmut who committed robberies of royal tombs. One woman fled her district to avoid paying labor on her royal estate and was incarcerated at Thebes. Then there were the prostitutes and wives that were involved in the harem conspiracy of Ramesses III-they had their ears and noses cut off. Of course, the number of women’s crimes compared to men’s crimes is significantly smaller. These women were very brazen and they felt they could be equal to men in just about any endeavor they undertake whether heroic or dastardly. The stigma of Egyptian women in public was somewhat of a mixed bag. The y were free to go out in public as they worked out in fields and workshops. It was not necessary for them to wear a veil at this time. Ramesses III stated in one inscription that he enabled women the freedom of going where they wanted without the worry of danger. Another inscription was found with a less liberating tone. It denounced women who were traveling into town and were unknown and alone. They were supposedly irreverent and free with their sexuality. Although they had the legal freedom to travel, Egyptian social customs dissuaded that notion.

The concepts related to supply and demand Term Paper

The concepts related to supply and demand - Term Paper Example This can be affected by various changes in the economy for example inflation, fashion etc. Supply is the term used to refer to the availability of a commodity in the market. The demand and supply of a commodity exhibit a high correlation which is determined by price (Fisher 2007 p 15). The law of demand states that; the lower the price, the higher the demand but under normal circumstances. On the other hand, the law of supply states that an increase in the price of a commodity results to an increase in its supply. This essay is an evaluation of the various concepts of supply and demand. The law of demand states that the lower the price of a commodity, the higher its demand (Fisher 2007 p 20). This means that the prices of items determine the willingness of a customer to buy an item. This rule though has its exceptions which may involve circumstances that may result from quality and quantity. In that aspect, a customer may refuse to buy an item for example a vehicle which is cheap but which is highly depreciated even though it may be selling at a lower price than a new one. The quantity of the item being bought may also influence the customer towards buying a commodity due to the requirements he may be wishing to satisfy (Gorman 2003 p 14). For example, a packet of fertilizer may be selling at a price of $30 for 50 Kg. A similar bag of fertilizer may also be selling at a cheaper price but in a 30 Kg package. In this case, the demand for the 50 Kg package would not be affected since the consumer would be buying according to the vastness of the area the fertilizer is to be applied. However, the law of demand under the normal circumstances can be represented on a demand curve, whereby the effects of price change on demand can be represented. This curve shows the difference in the quantity demanded as compared to the price change. When the price is at the lowest i.e. P1, the demand becomes high i.e. Q3. When the prices are high i.e. P3, the

Market Research and Analysis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Market and Analysis - Research Proposal Example The paper will define the threats and opportunities within the company through the service quality that is offered. These will be combined with different components which can be used to assist with the growth and development of the company. Through this research, it was defined that restructuring the organizational environment to fit the needs of consumers in different regions will help to set the company apart from the continuously changing trends while allowing the company to continue to grow into a different level of recognition within the community. The competition that is within the oil, gas and petroleum market is one which continue to fluctuate according to the needs of consumers and the approach which is taken with those who are demanding different formats for the gas that is consumed. A gas station that is known in the UK for carrying a specific reputation among consumers is Tesco. Tesco gas stations in the UK are known for the main mission of the company, which is based on offering convenience of gas at a lower price. This is combined with the smaller convenience stores that are inside of the station and which have created a different approach to the gas that is offered. The approach which Tesco is using is based on having diverse payment alternatives, such as using fuel and club cards and saving objectives that are available for the petrol. This is combined with concepts such as premium petrol and other alternatives to offer different forms of quality with the gas that is available (Tesco, 2011). Despite the main components of Tesco, there is a sense of difficulty with remaining ahead because of the service quality that is provided by the company. Even though Tesco is able to provide competitive prices and convenience stores, there is a question of the service quality on a variety of levels. This is based on the level of

Discuss and evaluate the sociological explanations, for the Essay

Discuss and evaluate the sociological explanations, for the differences in UK educational achievement in schools related to gender, ethnicity, social class and the ' hidden curriculum' - Essay Example difference in their levels of intelligence, organizational ability, professional ambitions, encouragement from family to acquire quality education and the resultant upward social mobility of individuals. The 1944 Education Act was milestone legislation for the improvement of student’s academic and personal progress and also for the improvement of social and welfare policies. Frozen milk in winter, free medical examination and transport payment from regional education authority were some of the highlights of the Act. It was a whole child welfare policy similar to the Every Child Matters green paper of 2003. There have been several changes in Britain to ensue the practice of the Act in the following six decades. The United Kingdom is now an expanded community with other European nationalities and a greater requirement for professionals at various levels. The earlier culturally homogenous population in schools is now comprised of many faiths and cultures. Therefore, the realization of the Act is now extensively challenging when compared to the society that prevailed in 1944. The challenges in implementing the Act and measuring the outcomes are basically from the changes in the moral, spiritual, cultural and social progress and personalized learning. The 1944 Education Act demanded LEA’s to offer state funded education for students till the age of fifteen, based on their aptitude, abilities and age. The prilimnary step to substantiate the Act was the provision of adequate schools. Though the Act did not specify the nature of secondary school it gave strong stipulation to increase the number of technical, grammar and secondary schools. But the number of schools were restricted to grammar and secondary schools with a few number of technical schools. The Act was reinterpreted in the 1960’s and a comprehensive education was rapidly expanded with schools like academies and specialist schools. The shift in school designation has catered to the pupil of different

CNS Breathe Strip Marketing Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CNS Breathe Strip Marketing Strategy - Case Study Example The company has used prominent people in Japan, the United States, and in Italy as their public relations since they will have an impact on the consumer choices after being seen using the breathing strip. For example in Italy, they used a Valentino Rossi, who is a famous motor cycle racer to promote the breathing strip. Since people will want to emulate they people the find famous, they started using the breathing strip to take care of their breathing problems, and this increased sales for the product. The company also embarked on a campaign in all the countries it supplies the breathing strip to know the needs of consumers by conducting market research to know the consumer needs, for example, when it first introduced the strip in the united states, it was black and recorded high sales since it meant it should be used at night. However, when the same product was introduced in England, it had a negative impact since people there wanted it to come in a lighter color to indicate that it is helpful for breathing. This prompted the company to change the color of their product so that it can be tailored to meet the needs of the target market. CNS’s brand image is strong as many people around the world are using it, and this is owed to the company’s advertising strategies. The company has many markets, the price of the product is not the same in all the markets, and they consider the market constraints in the target market before setting the price. This implies that users of the breathing strip will be willing to pay for the product provided it treats their breathing problems regardless of the price. The company embarks on extensive advertising campaigns to ensure that consumers are aware of the product. The company uses television advertising to promote the use of the product in most of its market since it has a wide coverage, implying that the advertisement will reach a wide audience. It also has a large market at convenience shops meaning that people do not have to have a prescription in order to buy the breathing strips. Valentino Rossi increased awareness of the breathing strip in Europe, and he uses the strip for most of his racers and on the two occasions when he did not use the strip, he lost the races and since then he has been using the nasal strip. This was a big boost to the company’s sales since people all over Europe with breathing problems started using the strip to help them in breathing, and the company increased their sales. People‘s culture and their way of life are important considerations when determining the market approach to be used in a certain market. This is because the beliefs of people ought to be incorporated in the marketing approach to ensure that they respond positively to the company’s product. In New Zealand, rugby is one of the most treasured sport in the country, and this means that the marketing approach for CNS would have to include some aspect of the game. Rugby is deeply rooted in the society and their national rugby team would be a good base for the marketing campaign. CNS could use one of the prominent players of the All Blacks team to market the product. Since the

Music and Meaning - Tupac Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Music and Meaning - Tupac - Essay Example Then, I will explain why and how the following four songs had a strong impact on my personal life: â€Å"Life Goes On†, â€Å"Keep Ya head Up†, â€Å"California Love† and â€Å"Changes†. A good friend of mine introduced me to the works of Tupac Shakur many years ago and although Tupac has been dead for 15 years, his music is still very important to me. From the beginning I could feel that his songs were authentic. Tupac seemed to turn his personal thoughts and experiences into music, which is the very reason why his songs do not only sound authentic, but truly are authentic as well.Moreover, I was and still am impressed by the variety of topics that are addressed in his various songs. This is another reason why Tupac was and still is very important to me; depending on my mood or my situation there are certain songs that fit my situation. I listen to different songs when I am happy compared to when I am sad or angry and Tupac seems to have the right song for me in every situation. Moreover, Tupac touched on a variety of topics, including racism, tolerance, social and racial equality, violence, conflicts with the law, life in the ghettos, criticism of the â€Å"Americ an Dream† and the love for his Mom, which is another reason why his versatile lyrics are captivating. â€Å"Life Goes On† is one of Tupac’s songs that hit my emotional nerve, more than that, it helped me through a sad period of my life. It is a song about losing loved ones, but while remembering them, life goes on and one has to continue with life, even though it might be hard to do so.

Art Philosophy - Plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art Philosophy - Plato - Essay Example In short, Plato argues the fact that a proper speech, or rhetorical work of literature, must necessarily work together as a creature and is body parts all work together. Plato discusses this as the head of the creature leading into the body which is been supported by a series of appendages. Although this is necessarily a reduction with regards to the way in which a proper outline should help to support core arguments that the author seeks to make, it is nonetheless a useful way of helping to provide a metaphor with regards to the entire writing process. Although many writers seeking merely right from the top of their head without any clear indication of where their work is going or how they assume it should include, Plato is obviously of the mindset that a work of literature and/or speechmaking must rely upon the core fundamentals of the outlining approach that the illustrates and discusses. This should not be seen as odd due to the fact that none of Plato’s works, or the work s of his contemporaries, were done in haste. Rather, they were thoughtfully analyzed, put together within an effective shell and presented to the viewing/listening/reading audience. Within such a way, seeking to abide by the very same rules of conduct and approach that Plato specified has a definitive level of benefit for the writer or artist within the current era. Although the outlining process may seem as something of a laborious one that is not necessitated by an accomplished writer, the mere fact that Plato himself referenced the outlining process as something of such a great importance helps to underscore the fact that even a writer of the highest order and/or one that is most certainly a genius is still not good enough to compose any of their arguments and/or works off the top of their head. 2. Plato's view on writing is related to his views on art, especially literature. Discuss Plato's views on art, and also mention the dialogue in which these views are discussed. Although the preceding analysis might be viewed as somewhat formulaic, it should not be understood that Plato’s view on writing is ultimately related to a step-by-step recipe of how such a process should be affected. Whereas it is oftentimes understood that the mastery of any subject or art can effectively be accomplished merely by following something of a recipe for success, the fact of the matter is that many exhibitions of human knowledge are more of an art form than they are merely the combination of a certain recipe of component facts and information. In this way, Plato’s â€Å"Phaedrus† illustrates the way in which Plato had an alternative view with regards to the process of writing and how he expected the divination of art as a simple step-by-step process through which the individual merely followed rote memorization in order to achieve a given function. In this way, Plato advocates rather than following something of a script to achieve effective dialogue, it is n ecessary to appreciate core tenets of what it means to be human. These, according to Plato, include the following: an understanding of madness, divine inspiration, and the practice and mastery of art. Although this may seem as a nebulous answer to the question above, the fact of the matter is that rather than championing a formulaic approach, Plato

Interviewing Excercises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interviewing Excercises - Essay Example The report further points to mounting debts whose growth rate has exceeded concurrent growth rates in revenue, total financial resources and enrolment, and where the debt per student exceeded financial resources per student. The report further predict continued financial difficulties for the public colleges but expects the public universities to raise tuition and fees so as to bridge the revenue gaps occasioned by cuts in state support, weakened endowments and higher expenses generated by growing enrolment. However, the reports indicate that the public colleges have remained liquid and able to meet their current liability on short notice, but the private universities had a stronger liquidity than similarly rated public universities. Exercise 3. 1. Mary said to Tom, â€Å"put the book down and pay for my coffee.† 2. Tom replied, â€Å"Absolutely no. Pay for yourself.† 3. â€Å"The computer has revolutionized education,† stated John Thompson. 4. â€Å"I spilled co ffee all over my keyboard,† Taylor cried. 5. ... Mr. Allen, who is tall and muscular, dropped out of high school to join the military at the age of 18 years. After joining military, he deployed to Okinawa for two week training and thereafter deployed to Vietnam at the height of the war. He admits having killed many Vietnamese soldiers and watching others die, in the 13 months that he spent in the Vietnamese jungle. He is now a vocal proponent of peace in the world and a prominent critic of waging war. His advice to the students is to â€Å"understand the importance of creating a world of peace and nonviolence†. He laments the military’s use of an aggressive approach, to recruit young men and women. â€Å"Nowadays we have allowed the military to go into our junior high schools and or high schools, and they have programs, ROTC (Reserve Officers Training Corps) programs for the young high school and junior high school students,† He says, â€Å"When I was a child that did not happen; you had to go to the recruiter ’s office†. He categorically stated that such aggressive recruiting do not offer the young high school kids a chance to look at what their options in life are. â€Å"Military presence in our schools has convinced many children that the military is a good thing†. He asserts that military training changes the mind of the young recruits. Marine Corps, he says, trained to kill. The first thing that the trainers do is to remove â€Å"your civilian life from you† by getting rid of one’s civilian way of thinking. â€Å"In the military there’s no thinking. You are trained to follow orders. You do not ask any questions.† he says. He opines that it is easier to do this to young high school kids who have no idea of what they want to do with

Water Parks Essay Example for Free

Water Parks Essay Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management. 2011, Vol. 20 Issue 3/4, p407-424. 18p. 1 Diagram, 3 Charts. Document Type: Article Subject Terms: *TOURISM *TOURIST attractions *TRAVEL *AMUSEMENT parks *FAMILIES Author-Supplied Keywords: fun grounded theory push-pull theme park Tourism motivation travel ladder NAICS/Industry Codes: 713110 713110 Abstract: This study revealed the motivation constructs for visiting Legoland Windsor tourist attraction. Data was collected from visiting families using semistructured interviews and nonparticipant observations. Grounded theory was employed and the construct of fun that emerged as the main motivator for families to visit was deconstructed into its push-pull parts using traditional and revised push-pull frameworks, and contrasted to the travel career ladder model. The study offered an insight into the notion of fun as a motivator for families to visit a theme park. More importantly, by deconstructing the notion of fun associated with family theme park, a touristic setting, this study offered a significant contribution to knowledge; it provided a theorization of the concept, touristic fun, previously undertheorized. It also contributed to the literature on motivation, particularly, to visiting family theme parks. The study has also several implications for the development, management, and marketing of attractions of this type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]. Copyright of Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management is the property of Taylor Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holders express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. Copyright applies to all Abstracts. Author Affiliations: 1Faculty of Design, Media and Management, Bucks New University, High Wycombe Campus, Buckinghamshire, England ISSN: 19368623 DOI: 10. 1080/19368623. 2011. 562431 Accession Number: 60294239 Database: Academic Search Premier Source: Arabia 2000, 01/30/2013 Document Type: Article Abstract: Doha, January 30 (QNA) Reach Out To Asia (ROTA) is encouraging all families in Qatar to ‘Reach Out By Having Fun at the 6th Wheels ‘n Heels Family Fun Day, taking place on Friday 8th February at the Museum of Islamic Art Park on the Doha Corniche. Accession Number: 6FI3145240364 Database: Newspaper Source Translate Full Text: HTML Full Text Reach Out by Having Fun at 6th Wheels ‘n Heels Family Fun Day Doha, January 30 (QNA) Reach Out To Asia (ROTA) is encouraging all families in Qatar to ‘Reach Out By Having Fun at the 6th Wheels ‘n Heels Family Fun Day, taking place on Friday 8th February at the Museum of Islamic Art Park on the Doha Corniche. Launching Qatars premier community event of the year during a press conference at the Qatar Foundation Recreation Center, Board Member H. E Dr. Sheikha Aisha bint Falah Al Thani was joined by representatives from Wheels ‘n Heels 2013 Flagship Sponsor Maersk Oil Qatar and Leadership Sponsor Commercial Bank Qatar to launch the annual event which encourages Qatar to live a healthy lifestyle. Launching Wheels ‘n Heels 2013 HE Sheikha Aisha bint Falah Al Thani said: â€Å"It is with great excitement that we announce the 6th Wheels n Heels Family Fun Day. For this years event at the Museum of Islamic Art Park, a long list of celebrities, entertainers and sports stars are joining and helping ROTA promote the health benefits of regular exercise, healthy diet and enjoying life. † On the day that families across Qatar comes out to enjoy and play, Wheels ‘n Heels 2013 partners with the final stage of the Tour of Qatar to give families the opportunity to cycle the same circuit used by the professional cyclists, as well as take part in fitness activities and watch celebrities perform on The Stage. All family members are invited to climb aboard a bike, jump on a skateboard or lace up a pair of trainers to complete The Circuit as adults, children and celebrities jog, walk, cycle or wheelchair three kilometres along the Doha Corniche to help ROTA raise fund to provide quality education to 48 million children in need across Asia. In partnership with Flagship Sponsor Maersk Oil Qatar, Wheels ‘n Heels 2013 is making a special effort to promote Action on Diabetes, an initiative supported by Maersk Oil Qatar which is designed to deliver the Emir H. H Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thanis vision of a healthier and prosperous Qatar by 2030. Speaking at the press conference, Maersk Oil Qatars, Mr. Faisal Al Medehkah Head of Social Investment said: â€Å"Maersk Oil Qatar is very proud to support Wheels ‘n Heels as a flagship sponsor. With our partners from ‘Action on Diabetes, we will also be setting up our diabetes awareness village to compliment the event activities. Healthy lifestyles are a very important factor in preventing Type 2 diabetes, and we are pleased to join with ROTA at this important event†. The Action on Diabetes village has already proved very successful – attracting more than 15,000 thousand visitors during a 4-day Katara event in November 2012. Specialists from Supreme Health Council, Qatar Diabetes Association, Hamad Medical Corporation, the Primary Health Care Corporation, and Novo Nordisk, partners with Maersk Oil in the Action on Diabetes project will be at hand to offer diabetes testing and provide advice on preventing and managing diabetes. â€Å"We have a strong corporate social responsibility programme that proactively makes a sustainable and positive impact on the Qatari society. Our social investment activities are largely focused in the areas of health, education, capacity building, and the environment – where we believe we can make a positive contribution that supports development in the State of Qatar† added Mr. Faisal. Kids Zone is guaranteed to keep the kids occupied for hours with non-stop live entertainment, bouncy castles, face painting and a whole lot of fun games, interactive sports and performances by well-known singers and dancers. The Childhood Cultural Centre, founded under the initiative of Her Highness Sheikha Mozah Bint Nasser to encourage, support and develop social growth in Qatar, will be providing books and arts and crafts materials to Wheels ‘nHeels 2013. Reach Out To Asia is thrilled to announce a top-class collection of singers, dancers and musicians will be keeping the crowds entertained on the Wheels ‘n Heels Stage. Meanwhile, childrens entertainers will ensure the kids enjoy themselves while a host of local and international celebrities and sports stars take part in the Wheels ‘n Heels Autograph Signing session. ‘Stay Active and Healthy will be the message in the Active Health Zone as kids and adults learn more about first aid, how to prevent accidents. even get a free health checkups. Civil Defense staff will also be on hand to teach young ones the importance of road safety, traffic rules, fire safety and how to use a fire extinguisher. If you have the energy, join Aspire, the Qatar Cycling Federation and the Girls on the Go who promise hours of fun sports and fitness activities for the whole family. Commenting on behalf of Commercial bank, Abdulla Saleh Al Raisi, Deputy CEO, said: â€Å"We are proud to be †Leadership Sponsorsâ€Å" of ROTA Wheels ‘n Heels 2013 because we firmly believe in doing our part to support initiatives that benefit society as a whole, especially initiatives that promote the values of education and healthier lifestyles two values that are particularly close to our heart. ROTA Wheels ‘n Heels fundraising plans also inspire with the spirit of reaching out to people less fortunate in need of support, and encourage with its sense of the possible, and at Commercial bank we believe ‘everything is possible. We look forward to supporting ROTA to achieve its plans, and enjoying a fun-filled family day next month. † The Big Screen, a large outdoor screen showing Wheels ‘n Heels activities, sponsor information, entertainment from The Stage and inspirational ROTA videos, to ensure everyone can follow all the Wheels ‘n Heels action. Ensuring everyone has enough energy to enjoy the entire six hours of Wheels ‘n Heels excitement, the Wheels ‘n Heels Food Zone provides a selection of tasty, healthy snacks and drinks throughout the day. As well as the invaluable support of Flagship Sponsors Maersk Oil Qatar and Leadership Sponsor Commercial Bank Qatar, ROTA Strategic Partner Qatar Cycling Federation and a number of Qatari organisations will be demonstrating their corporate social responsibility by participating in the event as Wheels ‘n Heels Partners: Civil Defense, Qtel, Qatar National Cancer Society, Qatar Institute for the Elderly and National Programs. â€Å"ROTA encourages the families of Qatar to say yes to a healthy lifestyle by taking part in a community day of celebration on the 8th February. Come along to the Museum of Islamic Art and enjoy the entertainment, take part in the fun activities and donate to ROTA projects which support children and communities in Qatar and across Asia, also I would like to address special invitation to all schools in Qatar to join us at the circuit† says ROTA Executive Director, Mr. Essa Al Mannai. (QNA) ? ?,f l QNA 1329 GMT 2013/01/30 Copyright 2013 by Qatar News Agency Distributed by UPI Copyright of Arabia 2000 is the property of Arabia 2000. The copyright in an individual article may be maintained by the author in certain cases. Content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holders express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. Source: Arabia 2000, Jan 30, 2013 Item: 6FI3145240364.

Entrepreneurship And Innovation At The Mcdonalds Commerce Essay

Entrepreneurship And Innovation At The Mcdonalds Commerce Essay Creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship are three essential tools of success for companies in the increasingly challenging business environment. Where, creativity is the ability to develop new ideas and discover new ways of looking at problems and opportunities, Innovation is the key to economic development of any country. Inventions and innovations are the building blocks of the future and Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new with value by devoting the necessary time and effort assuming the accompanying financial psychic, social risks and receiving the resulting rewards of monetary value and personal satisfaction and independence. All three call for new ideas and there is an element of risk involved in the implementation and the acceptability of the new idea. Where creativity is the ability to generate an idea, innovation is the process of the idea creation and entrepreneur is the person who performs both to become who he is, takes the risk, implements the i dea in the form of a venture. In this fiercely competitive, fast faced global economy creativity is not only an important source of building a competitive advantage but is also a necessity for survival. When developing creative solutions to modern problems, entrepreneurs must go beyond merely using whatever has been used in the past. McDonalds is one such company which has earned its brand image over the years with effective use of entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation all put in right place in the organization allowing the company to achieve massive competitive advantages and an edge at building new ideas and defining new and better means of customer satisfaction. The company serves around 50 million customers in 30,000 destinations worldwide on a daily basis and pulling that off whilst successfully obtaining high revenues is a job that requires continuous innovation and out of the box thinking. McDonalds focus over the years has been nothing less than the customer itself. McDonalds took its strong roots in building a name in innovation during the 1990s and the early 2000ss when the competition first started to grow. McDonalds at that time did not take its brand equity for granted and infused its creative teams minds into the thought process that have and continue to generate innovative products and campaigns like Big Mac and Egg McMuffin (Entrepreneur, 2006 [online]). McDonalds offers an extensive case study of the application of a well thought of and thorough innovation strategy, a product planning and developmental process that effectively reflects the changing industry, its opportunity recognition and analysis to stay on top, and the Mcdonalization culture and leadership embedded with innovation that it follows to successfully practice innovation in all aspects and obtain customer satisfaction that defines industry standards. But even for a company like McDonalds room still exists for improvement. The paper analyses the company on these aspects. The paper after analysis of the corporate entrepreneurship and innovation strategy being following in the company will attempt to establish recommendation for the enhancement of the competitive advantages of the company. Innovation Strategy Think big, start small, scale fast. This is the innovation strategy being followed by McDonalds. This idea was brought together by the managing director of McDonalds Ventures, Mats Lederhausen (Entrepreneur, 2006 [online]). The key players are all of the employees of the company who are well ingrained with the 5PS that form the paradox of the company. These 5 PS are: People, Product, Promotion, Place and Price. The innovation that takes place in the company is all customer-oriented and started with people and ends with people making effective use of company resources, offers and tools. The innovation strategy is built on one concept: Customer is king. The insights and demands of the customers are the main triggers of the entire innovation process. The franchisees are known as owner-operators who are a big part of the innovation chain. Keeping such diversified franchises and their thought processes altogether merged with the company objectives and essence is a big challenge which can not be controlled or centralized. The innovation process is decentralized making the owner-operators feel as much important in the company as those who are part of the core headquarters as well as encouraging them to create competitive advantages for the company. McDonalds seizes every opportunity it can to bring innovation and lead the industry. McDonalds success is also based upon its suppliers that are part of the three-legged stool. For McDonalds, the quality of its products is of absolute importance. It specifies highest standards for suppliers in the food industry. McDonalds focuses on developing close relationships with suppliers. At McDonalds, everything is done on an open accounting, handshake trust basis  (Times100, 2009). McDonalds works closely with the suppliers to develop and improve products and production techniques. This dependency is described as a three-legged stool principle, and involves McDonalds, the franchisees and the suppliers. The growth and success of t he McDonalds, in this way, is shared by the suppliers of the restaurant who are able to meet the quality standards (Times100, 2009). For McDonalds, the relationships between franchisor, franchisee and supplier are of paramount importance to the success of the innovation led business. The Process of Innovation and Creativity The owner operators are small business owners who have the entrepreneurial zeal in them and offer various ideas and creative insights that form success drivers for the company. Thus, they are involved in each of the innovation steps and processes. Each of the franchise of McDonalds is in itself a mini laboratory that has millions of potential ideas stored just waiting to be explored and the owner operators are the main source of their retrieval and practice. Sources of Ideas For McDonalds, following are the main sources of ideas. Consumers are the foremost innovation triggers. These include potential as well as existing ones. They are given great importance and attention to point to new directions. This attention takes the form of informally monitoring potential ideas and needs and formally arranging for consumers to have an opportunity to express their opinions (Bygrave, 2008). Existing products and services in the market are also continuously monitored or evaluated to uncover ways to improve the services. This results in innovative products and services that have more market appeal with better sales and profit potential. Owner-Operators, like mentioned above, are the biggest and most effective source of ideas for McDonalds as they offer insights of local appeals surrounding the franchises, which are then incorporated into new products and services. McDonalds introduction of Apple and Walnut salads is one such example of its catering to the local demands, which were communicated effectively by the owner operators. But there are also many demands, such as Shrimp salads that McDonalds cannot currently cater to, because of lack of resources. Federal Government is also a source of new product ideas in two ways. First, the files of the Patent Office contain numerous new product possibilities. Although the patents themselves may not be feasible, they can frequently suggest other more marketable product ideas. Second, new product ideas can come in response to government regulations (Drucker, 2008) Research and Development is yet another but large source of innovative ideas for McDonalds. McDonalds has its mini-laboratories in each of its franchises as well as large laboratories in its head-quarters in US which are continuously engaged in bringing in new product ideas and ingredients and recipes to win customer satisfaction. The Creative Process Although, creative ideas may appear to strike McDonalds as suddenly as a bolt of lightning but they are actually the result of the creative process, which involves the following steps: Preparation Investigation Transformation Incubation Verification Implementation Preparation involves getting the mind ready for creative thinking. Preparation includes a formal education, on the job training, work experience and taking advantage of other learning opportunities. This training provides a foundation on which to build creativity and innovation. Investigation is where a solid understanding of the problem, situation or the decision at hand is developed. Transformation involves viewing similarities and differences in the information collected. This phase requires two types of thinking: convergent and divergent thinking. Convergent thinking is the ability to see the similarities and the connections among various data and events. Divergent thinking is the ability to see the differences among various data and events. The subconscious needs time to reflect on to the information collected, this is done during the incubation phase. Next comes the illumination phase, where a spontaneous breakthrough causes the light bulb to go on. McDonalds Innovation Council then verifies the ideas where it conducts experimentation to test the success potential in the idea generated. Implementation then follows where the idea is transformed to reality (Entrepreneur, 2006 [online]). Opportunity Recognition and Analysis A business opportunity represents a possibility for the entrepreneur to successfully fill a large enough unsatisfied need that enough sales and profits result. Recognition of an opportunity results from the knowledge and experience of the company and its employees. McDonalds makes effective use of its knowledge base and maintains proper records of its previous industry analysis to point to new directions and market niches to exploit profits out of. Each and every innovative opportunity is carefully assessed through an opportunity analysis plan. This opportunity analysis plan comprises of four sections: A description of the idea and its competition; An assessment of the domestic and international market of the idea; As assessment of the entrepreneur and the team; and A discussion of the steps needed to make the idea the basis for a viable business venture. Product Planning and Development Process Once ideas emerge from idea sources or creative problem solving, they need further development and evaluation. The product planning and development process at McDonalds is divided into five stages: The idea stage The concept stage Product development stage Test marketing stage commercialization Organizational Culture McDonalds has succeeded because it offers consumers, workers, and managers efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control. This constitutes the McDonalds model of work practice and work design, known as McDonalization. McDonalds is a global capitalist organization that transforming the production, consumption and distribution of food more importantly everyday life. McDonalds employs Taylors and Fords methods in its assembly line production. Ritzer discerns four elements of Mcdonalization: Efficiency Calculability Predictability and Control (Haworth, n.d.) McDonalds offers efficiency, which is the optimum method for getting from one point to another. This means that McDonalds offers the best available way to get from being hungry to being full. For working people, quick and easy access to food is a blessing and McDonald offers just that through its efficient work practices. This fast-food model offers people an efficient method for satisfying many needs. (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11) To achieve this efficiency, workers in McDonaldized systems function efficiently. They are provided with training to work this way by managers, who supervise over them closely to make sure they come up to standards. This is ensured by organizational rules and regulations regarding production of highly efficient work. On the other hand, McDonalds also offers calculability, which is an emphasis on the quantitative aspects of products sold (portion size, cost) and service offered. Quantity has become equivalent to quality; that is something that must be good. The common customers perception of bigger is better, is very successfully satisfied with McDonalds Quarter Pounder, the Big Mac, and the large fries. People quantify these things and realize that they are getting a lot of food for quite less money. For consumers this is the best deal but for the food-food outlets this is the extraordinary profitability. (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11) Consumers also calculate the time it takes to drive to McDonalds, be served the food, eat it, and return home; and then, they compare that duration to the time required to prepare food at home. They believe that it takes them less time to get it from McDonalds than prepare the whole meal at home. This calculation obviously supports home-delivery franchises such as Mcdonalds, which emphasis on time saving. The McDonaldized institutions combine the emphases on time and money. Workers at McDonaldized systems emphasize the quantitative rather than the qualitative aspects of their work. This causes the workers to focus more on the amount of work they do rather than how well they do it, at times. This is how McDonalds employs Frederick Taylors Scientific management work practices, that related the work directly with pay. (Daft, 1997) The third element of the McDonalization is that McDonalds offers predictability, the assurance that the products and services will be the same every time and in all outlets. For example, the Egg McMuffin in New York is identical to those in Chicago and Los Angeles. To be more precise, those eaten next week or next year will be identical to those eaten today. This provides a great comfort in knowing that McDonalds offers no surprises, its service is predictable. People know that the next Egg McMuffin they eat will taste about the same as the others they have eaten; it will be what is expected and in mind of the consumer. The success of the McDonalds model explains that many people have come to prefer a world in which there are few surprises, because unpredictability can be dangerous too (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11) . Relating this to the work practices at McDonalds, the workers in McDonaldized systems also behave in predictable ways. They are confined by the corporate rules as well as the dictates of their managers. McDonalds offers extensive training to its employees, which is so standardized that whatever the employees say at customer touch points is scripted by the managers themselves. McDonalds has pioneered in the routinization of interactive service work (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11). Fourthly, McDonalds practices control, especially through the substitution of nonhuman for human technology. A human technology is controlled by people; a nonhuman technology (controls people. The people who eat in fast-food restaurants are controlled through lines, limited menus, few options, and uncomfortable seats. All of these enable the customers to eat quickly and leave (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11). The employees in McDonalds working under the McDonaldized organizations are also controlled to a high degree. They are provided trained to do a limited number of tasks in precisely the way they are ordered to do them. The technologies and the way the organization is set up reinforce this control. Managers and supervisors make sure that workers follow the line. (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11). How does McDonalds makes sure employees follow up to this control? It threatens them to replace them with technology. But employees cannot be controlled from fouling up the systems operation. The manager cannot control a slow worker, who can still make the preparation and delivery of a Big Mac inefficient and worker who refuses to follow the rules might leave the pickles or special sauce off a hamburger, thereby making for unpredictability. And then a distracted worker can put too few fries in the box, making an order of large fries seem skimpy. It is for these reasons, McDonalds has been obliged to steadily replace human beings with non-human technologies, such as the soft-drink dispenser that shuts itself off when the glass is full, the french-fry machine that rings and lifts itself out of the oil when the fries are crisp, the preprogrammed cash register that eliminates the need for the cashier to calculate prices and amounts, and, perhaps at some future time, the robot capable of making hamburgers. Such technologies increase the companys control over workers. And in this way McDonalds can assure customers that their employees and service will be consistent (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11). Increasing Competitive Advantages Being an innovation leader in the food service industry, McDonalds does not let its creative heads fall asleep. It is always looking for new directions to improve its customer services to pave way for profitable business. Following are the ways in which McDonalds can sustain and increase its competitive advantage in the face of aggressive rivalry in the food service industry. Enhancing Organizational Creativity McDonalds can enhance its organizational creativity by: Embracing diversity one of the best ways to cultivate a culture of creativity is to hire a diverse workforce. When people solve problems or come up with ideas, they do so in the same framework of their experience. Hiring people from different backgrounds, cultural experiences, hobbies, and interests provides the company with crucial raw material needed for creativity. Expecting Creativity employees rend to rise- or fall- to the level of expectations of entrepreneurs have of them. One of the best ways to communicate the expectation of creativity is to give employees permission to be creative (Morris, 2009) Expecting and tolerating failure creative ideas will produce failures as wells as successes. People who never fail are not being creative. Creativity requires taking chances and managers must remove employees fear of failure. The surest way to quash creativity throughout an organization is to punish employees who try something new and fail. Encouraging curiosity McDonalds may keep its managers and employees asking the question what if and take a maybe we could attitude to break out of assumptions that limit creativity. Viewing Problems as Challenges every problem offers an opportunity for innovation. Entrepreneurs who allow employees to dump all of their problems to desk to be fixed do nothing to develop the creativity within those employees. Providing Creative Training almost everyone has the capacity to be creative, but developing creativity requires training. Training accomplished through books, seminars, workshops and professional meeting can help everyone learn to tap their creative capacity. Providing Support the higher level management of McDonalds should give employees the tools and resources they need to be creative. One of the most valuable resources is time. Rewarding creativity they can also encourage creativity by rewarding it when it occurs. Financial rewards can be effective motivation but non-monetary rewards such as praise, recognition, and celebration can be more powerful incentives. Modeling Creative Behavior creativity is caught as much as it is taught. Companies that excel at innovation find that the passion for creativity starts at the top. Entrepreneurs set examples of creative behavior, take chance and challenge the status quo will soon find their employees doing the same (Morris, 2009). Improving the Creative Process Teams of people working together usually can generate more and more creative idea. Three techniques McDonalds can use to improve the quality of creative ideas that follow from its Innovation Council: brainstorming, mind-mapping and rapid prototyping. Brainstorming is a process in which a small group of people interact with very little structure with the goal of producing a large quantity of novel and imaginative ideas. Another useful tool for jump-starting creativity is mind mapping, an extension of brainstorming. The strength of mind mapping is that it reflects the way the brain actually works. Rather than browsing out ideas in a linear fashion, the brain jumps from one idea to another. Generating creative ideas is a critical step in the process of taking an idea for a product or a service successfully to the market. However, entrepreneurs find that most of their ideas wont work and thats where rapid prototyping plays an important part in the creative process. The promise behind rapid prototyping is that transforming an idea into an actual model will point out flaws in the original idea and will lead to improvements in its design (Hisrich, 2009). Conclusion Dick and Mac were the ones who opened the first McDonalds restaurant in 1940 in San Bernardino, California, and at that time they could not have imagined the worldwide phenomial success that McDonalds now enjoys. What got them famous was their winning formula of selling a high quality product cheaply and quickly. The business really began to grow immensely once Ray Kroc, a Chicago based salesman, who was a marketing expert, joined the team (Watson, 2002). He decided to spread McDonalds formula throughout the United States and beyond. McDonalds now has more than 30,000 restaurants all over the world. Its serves 46 million customers everyday, that is equal to a lunch and dinner for every man, woman, and child in the world! McDonalds enjoys sales over $38bn from the entire world, which make it the biggest food service company internationally. McDonalds paradox of success lies with innovation and giving customer satisfaction the priority for its service offerings and operations. It keeps track of industry changes, anticipates consumer preferences and incorporates them into the product. Also, insights and communication with owner operators provides new product ideas and a highly effective and successful innovation process that is dealt by the McDonalds innovation council and together with the organizational culture of McDonalisation, it is practicing innovation in all aspects and providing innovation embedded services all around the world. But even a company like McDonalds has room for improvement, whereby it can enhance the creativity of its organization by infusing the culture of innovation more predominantly than before into each organizational level and improving the overall creative idea generating process. In the face of globalization, innovation offers a highly effective opportunity which companies like McDonald are making effective use of but it is more of a continuous process rather than a one-time thing.

The Holiness Of God The Fundamental Attribute Religion Essay

The Holiness Of God The Fundamental Attribute Religion Essay The attempt to quantify God so that humanity can grasp the vastness of His nature is indeed a formidable undertaking. Oftentimes, theologians speak of the attributes of God as those qualities of Gods nature that He has chosen to reveal of Himself to humanity, either through natural revelation, or through specific revelation. When we speak of the attributes of God, we are referring to those qualities of God which constitute what he is. They are the very characteristics of his nature.  [1]  Typically, Gods attributes are grouped into two classifications. In an effort to explain God according to Scripture, theologians have distinguished between his unshared attributes that belong to him alone, and Gods shared attributes, which he bestows upon us to a lesser degree than he possesses them.  [2]  First are those attributes of God which are true of Him alone. This set of attributes is known as the incommunicable attributes, which refers simply to those characteristics of God that ca nnot be shared by anyone other than God; by virtue of His divine nature, He alone exemplifies these qualities. The second set is known as Gods communicable attributes. These characteristics are those that God shares in some capacity with His creation; specifically with humanity as a part of His creation. Gods holiness falls into both classifications; first as an incommunicable attribute, holiness is elemental to Gods nature, and second, as a communicable attribute, holiness is fundamental to a right understanding of, and interaction with, God as Creator on the part of the created. This work will demonstrate the importance of holiness in both manners of qualification, in such a way as to highlight its fundamental characteristics to the nature of God, and to the nature of His interaction with His creation, as well as the reciprocal relationship between the creature and Creator. Erickson says of the attributes of God, There are two basic aspects to Gods holiness. The first is his uniqueness. He is totally separate from all of creation. . . . The other aspect of Gods holiness is his absolute purity or goodness. This means that he is untouched and unstained by the evil in the world. He does not in any sense participate in it.  [3]  Regarding holiness in particular, as a divine attribute Erickson also says, The attributes are permanent and intrinsic qualities, which cannot be gained or lost. Thus, holiness is not in this sense an attribute (a permanent, inseparable characteristic) of Adam, but it is of God. Gods attributes are essential and inherent dimensions of his very nature.  [4]  This distinction between Adam on the one hand, and God on the other, in relation to holiness is shared by other communicable attributes, but perhaps no greater gulf exists between mans ability to share in Gods attributes anywhere than at this point. For example, mankind m ay demonstrate some limited measure of love, or mercy on his own, since unbelieving men may display these characteristics under the right circumstances; albeit in pitiful fashion. However, under no circumstance imaginable is mankind capable of demonstrating even the most miniscule amount of holiness, aside from God imparting it to him as a shared attribute. With respect to any of the attributes of God, it must be stated that we know all that we know of God by virtue of His acts of revelation; those things that He has chosen to tell us of Himself. We learn much of what we know about God, from the multiplicity of references within Scripture concerning His name, and how He reveals it, as well as how He expects it to be revered. We may see that the Lords very name is holy, not just the places and things associated with him. Bless the LORD, O my soul; and all that is within me, bless His holy name. (Ps 103:1).  [5]  Gods revelation to Moses at Mt. Sinai is indicative of Gods desire to make Himself known. He says, I AM WHO I AM (Ex. 3:14). This revelation of his name is also a revelation of his nature.  [6]  Along this same thought line, Edmond Jacob points out that the name is synonymous with Yahweh. So the name always expresses the essential nature of a being, manifests the totality of the divine presence. Since name, in fact, does refer to the essence of Gods being, then holiness seems to be most characteristic of his nature. In Jacobs words, the relation between holiness and the name reveals the identity of holiness with deity. Given the fact that glory is one of the manifestations of holiness (Is. 6:3), it may be that even the references to his glorious name are really only an alternate rendering of the holy name.  [7]   Scripture itself attests to the high emphasis placed by God upon His name. In the Old Testament alone, there are five references to a glorious name and four references to a great name of God, but all the others (23) refer to Gods holy name.  [8]  Since his name is so immediately bound up with his nature, the connection of holiness with the name is very significant. It seems to indicate that the holiness is the most important thing Israel needed to know about this One who was revealing himself to them.  [9]  Indeed, Gods holiness is of supreme importance in His revelation to Israel because it distinguishes Him uncompromisingly from the pagan gods surrounding Israel at that time. It is important also to remember that part of Gods holiness is his separation and transcendence. God was establishing Himself with the children of Israel as different and superior to the pagan gods simultaneously through the understanding of His holiness. Gods holiness also serves to encourage His peop le to take up His ways, and to be like He is. The command to be holy as God is holy (1 Pet. 1:16), is more than just an admonition to try to be good people. It is a command for His people to be set apart from impurity as God is set apart from it. Moving in thought, from Gods revelation regarding His name, there are several key factors worthy of consideration with respect to holiness as it is fundamental to Gods nature. In the prophet Isaiahs vision (Isa. 6:3), it is interesting to note that while Isaiah sees God as the sovereign King, his description of his essential being is not in terms of sovereignty, or even righteousness, mercy or love. Rather it is the holiness of God that stands at the very heart of his nature.  [10]  Holiness it seems, as a part of Gods being, is the driving force behind the perfection of all the other attributes of God. In fact, Gustaf Aulen, in his Faith of the Christian Church, expresses his conviction that holiness is the foundation on which the whole conception of God rests.  [11]  It is seen as the basic or fundamental attribute because there is no standard for God; He Himself is the standard of holiness. God is under no law of holiness; He Himself is the law of holiness.  [12]  Gods nature is supremely perfect; a perfection driven by His holiness, as to be without comparison. God absolutely could not be God if it were not for this supreme perfection, which is His alone. Anything less than absolute perfection, and undeniable holiness in Him would denote some fundamental flaw, which, even on the smallest scale, would preclude His being God. The underlying thought of holiness is being separate from all thats impure. This is the divine perfection by which God is absolutely distinct from all creatures and exalted above them in infinite majesty. God is distinct from His creation in that He is set apart from creation by virtue of His purity. Holiness is fundamental because in a sense all of Gods other attributes rest on this one attribute of perfection. Gods level of perfection in all His attributes must have their basis in the level of perfection that stems from His holiness. From this point, we see that His holiness is fundamental to all of his attributes. Equally as important, humanitys right understanding of God is predicated upon the absolute perfection of His holy nature. Gods holiness His very essence, as communicated to His creatures, is a derivative of absolute perfection. There is an emphasis given to this attribute above all the other attributes. There are certain attributes we prefer, because of personal benefit derived from them. We esteem Gods love, mercy, and grace before His justice, wrath, and anger. But in the Bible, the holiness of God has preeminence over all the others.  [13]  It is from this standpoint that we describe the holiness of God as being transcendent or above all the other attributes. This transcendence establishes holiness as a foundational attribute. Coppedge depicts how holiness, as a transcendent and foundational attribute, relates to other traditional characteristics below: 14It is the transcendence of Gods holiness that establishes it as the foundational attribute of God. Many see holiness as the foremost attribute of all because holiness pervades all the other attributes of God and is consistent wil all He is and does.  [15]   Having established the primacy of holiness as an attribute of God, attention may now be turned to the implications of this basic attribute as it is inherent in God; before it may be imparted to man. First, in thinking about holiness as an incommunicable attribute, there are several concepts that one must grasp to rightly understand who God is, and how the nature of His being affects His creation. Theologians may say that Gods holiness is incommunicable because there is a level of perfection in His holiness that may not rightly be ascribed to any part of the creation. Exodus 5:11 says with wonder, Who is like You, O LORD, among the gods? Who is like You, glorious in holiness, Fearful in praises, doing wonders? Gods holiness has a gloriously incomparable aspect to it, which is its incommunicable component. Gods holiness also has an eternal aspect to it. John said, in commenting on the activities surrounding Gods throne . . . each of the four living creatures . . . never stop saying, Ho ly, holy, holy is the Lord God Almighty, who was, and is, and is to come  [16]  (Rev. 4:8). Holiness resides in God to the extent that it cannot be imparted to humanity in the same way. Isaiah also records the cry of the seraphim, as they say Holy, holy, holy is the LORD of hosts; the whole earth is full of His glory! (Is. 6:3). In Isaiahs mind, the earth is full of Gods glory as an implied result of His holiness. There can be only one Being who is absolutely perfect holy Further, if perfection is thought of as moral perfection, then absolute perfection implies holiness as well. God is absolutely perfect, and what is absolutely perfect is set apart from all else. Therefore God is holy; He is perfect in and of Himself  [17]  J.L. Dagg says, God is immaculately holy. Goodness, truth and justice, are moral attributes of God. Holiness is not an attribute distinct from these; but a name which includes them all It implies the perfection of the assemblage; the absence of everythi ng in it contrary to either of the properties included.  [18]  This immaculate holiness is an element of Gods transcendence in that His holiness, a holiness of absolute, undeniable perfection, sets Him apart from all else; God alone possesses holiness to this degree. While man may aspire to some level of holiness, holiness as depicted in Scripture belongs to God alone. Holiness of this degree is fundamental; since only God possesses holiness to this level, it emanates from Him to His creatures through revelation and experience. It does so because God wills it to be this way. Because His holiness emanates from Him to humanity, mankind is drawn to God in a way that would be impossible without such emanation. Isaiah demonstrated this experience when in Gods presence he exclaimed, Woe is me, for I am undone! Because I am a man of unclean lips, and I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips; for my eyes have seen the King, The LORD of hosts. (Isa. 6:5). It is this perfection th at allows humanity to revel in, and marvel at, Gods holiness. That He is perfectly holy is an assurance to His creation of the perfection of His other attributes. Gods holiness is the divine perfection by which God is absolutely distinct from all creatures and exalted above them in infinite majesty.  [19]  A similar thought concerning Gods holiness as an incommunicable characteristic of His nature is one that some have called His majesty-holiness . . . this aspect of Gods holiness is the one less thought of, and it actually bears greater affinity to infinity, Aseity, and unitynon-moral divine attributes.  [20]  God has majesty as the King of kings, and Lord of lords because of His holiness. When the Creators holiness has been physically manifested to His creation, it has a brilliant effect. In Isaiahs vision from chapter six, he notes that the seraphim had to cover their faces to remain in Gods presence, (Isa. 6:2ff.) Isaiahs account of the seraphim brings to mind other encounters with Gods glory that have similar effects on the beholder, such as; Moses reaction to Gods presence at the burning bush (Ex. 3:1-6), the Israelites reaction to Moses as he descends the mountain after having been in Gods presence (Ex. 34:29-35), and the disciples reaction at the Mount of Transfiguration (Matt. 17:1-8). Many times, Gods holiness is likened to a consuming fire! In each example, the glory of God was such that it caused the beholder to fall before God in worship. This brilliant glory, which is the visible manifestation of Gods holiness, is so powerful that it elicits profound responses from His creation in every case. Through the incarnation, God has not only invited mankind to participate in His holiness, He has demonstrated that it can be done, and how it should be done. By his sacrificial death on the Cross, Jesus Christ enables us, by the power of the Holy Spirit, to share in the holiness that he embodies and accomplishes for us. Jesus said, Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God (Matt. 5:8), indicating that the heart condition is a key component to mankinds ability to commune with the Father. It is precisely this purity of heart, which is the result of mimicking Gods purity that is pleasing to God. All too often, the idea of attaining holiness is discounted, or neglected altogether, as if it is unattainable. The enemy desires that we have this defeatist attitude. However, Mark Driscoll states with regard to communicable holiness that we mirror God when we hate sin and love holiness by repenting of our sin and fighting against sin in the world.  [21]  Certainly, it would be inaccurate to suggest that perfect holiness is within the grasp of humanity; however, since God has commanded mankind to be holy (1 Pet. 1:16), one must assume that it is attainable through repentance, at least in some acceptable degree, within the confines of this life. Humans have the ability to exhibit limited holiness, yet it is not an attribute which is innate or one which emanates from their being. In fact, a number of accounts throughout Scripture indicate that when man encounters Gods holiness it has had a profound impact. Holiness is also seen as communicable, in that God does share His holiness with humanity in some senses. The idea that God shares His attributes with humanity in any sense is an indication of His desire to have an interactive relationship with His creation; mankind in particular. It is a reflection of His character that He desires such an interaction; in no sense does God need this interaction, but Scripture is clear that He desires it and goes to great lengths to make it possible. As a result of Gods activity in making His being known, and providing a means of interaction, it is right that He alone is the object of mans worship. While Gods holiness is essential, mans holiness is derived from His nature. In some ways, we are like God. At our best, we have qualities or attributes that dimly reflect Gods.  [22]  It is this dim reflection that characterizes mankinds existence for now. One is reminded of Pauls discourse in the great love chapter of Corinthians, wherein he says For no w we see in a mirror, dimly, but then face to face. Now I know in part, but then I shall know just as I also am known (1 Cor. 13:12-13). It is this anticipation of seeing and knowing that encourages Paul as well as the believer today. One day, we will see as we are seen, and know as we are known; that will indeed be a glorious day. On that day, man may look upon the glorious holiness of God, and not turn away in fear, or hide his face from Gods glorious radiance. However, even in this life, some measure of holiness is surely attainable for mankind, since God commands His creatures to Be holy, for I am holy (Lev. 11:44, 45; 19:2; 20:7; 1 Pet. 1:16). Holiness in man is a symbol of the holiness of God, but is also a humble aspiration to be more like God. Holiness in man is seen in a relational aspect. Gods purpose for sharing His attributes with humanity is certainly to foster obedience, but also to transform humanity into His image, as depicted in 2 Cor. 3:18. Here, God speaks through the Apostle Paul to His church, and says But we all, with unveiled face, beholding as in a mirror the glory of the Lord, are being transformed into the same image (emphasis added) from glory to glory, just as by the Spirit of the Lord. One remembers Isaiahs encounter, when in the presence of the Lord both he and the seraphim were overwhelmed (Is 6:2-6), and marvels at this New Testament approach to Gods presence, given by God for the edification of His saints. The noticeable contrast between the Old Testament and New Testament depictions of the workings of Gods holiness are indeed a source of blessing for those believers on this side of the cross of Christ. While this holiness is certainly limited, it remains true that God has now commanded the attempt to become in nature as He is, limited though the success of that effort will be. This holiness in man is reflected holiness. How it is that man may exhibit such an attribute of God? Creation reflects the attributes of the Creator. Quite simply, holiness in man is impossible apart from God; however, holiness in man is a reality because Gods holiness overflows into the lives of His children. Gods holiness comes from that eternal fount, just as does His love, mercy, and truth, but it comes in a unique way. Gods holiness comes through the transformation of a sanctified life; a life that is being reconfigured to be what it is not naturally, but only what it can be under the direct influence of comi ng into the presence of God. It is an alien concept, except that it is most obviously Gods plan for mankind. That such holiness comes from God alone is seen from Scripture. Moses removes any doubt, when he records Gods words in Lev. 21:8, I the LORD, who sanctify you, am holy. This clearly indicates the holiness of God, but also indicates that the process of becoming holy (sanctification) is Gods work. Further indications from Scripture are seen in Geislers observations: God chose a holy people (Israel) (Deut. 7:6; 14:2, 21; 26:19; 28:9; Col. 1:2; 1 Peter 2:9). He also picked special holy men (2 Kings 4:9). He elected a holy church (1 Cor. 1:2). He set aside a holy land (Zech. 2:12). God chose a holy city on earth (Jerusalem) (Neh. 11:1; Isa. 52:1) Gods holy city sits on a holy mountain (Ps. 15:1; 48:1; Dan. 9:20). He also has a Holy city in heaven (Rev. 21:2, 10). God ordained holy priests (in Leviticus). God even designated a holy dumpsite (Jer. 31:40), that is, a special place set apart to dispose of things. God demands a holy tithe of His people (Lev. 27:30). God had holy food (Lev. 21: 22). He expects us to live a holy life (Rom. 12:1; 1 Thess. 4:7).  [23]   Clearly, Scripture is replete with these and numerous other references to Gods holiness, and its connection to mankind. Gods holiness is always demonstrated scripturally with the express purposes of revealing more of God to mankind, and of drawing mankind closer to God. Interestingly, God is seen in His holiness as a Law-giver. A holy God gave a law that was just and holy and good.  [24]  Holiness is an essential quality of God, both in a metaphysical sense, and in a moral, or ethical sense. This realization brings to bear another aspect of Gods holiness as it is imparted to man. There is a moral or ethical component of Gods holiness that bears upon man as he strives to come into the image of God. It is this conjunction of morality with holiness that defines the ethical component of Gods nature. He is God because He is ethically (morally) superior to all else, and this is made known through His holiness. In fact, The holiness of God in Scripture is never depicted apart from its moral and rational dimensions. A holy God is always moral, and he communicates in rational language.  [25]  Coppedge notes that there are six key elements  [26]  that comprise Gods moral holiness; (1) righteousness and its corresponding standard of (2) moral purit y. The (3) truth of God is reflected in both his speech and his faithfulness in personal relationships. The (4) grace of God involves both his favor and his self-giving, and stands in close relationship to both the (5) love and the (6) goodness of God, which round out his moral image.  [27]  This moral component of Gods holiness is fundamental to the nature of God as He has made Himself known, but it goes far beyond just Gods self revelation. His holiness is also fundamental to mankinds right understanding of truth. There is no truth that man may know apart from Gods truth, which is absolutely based upon His holiness and purity. This fact comprises the moral compass of man. In fact, Erikson says, Gods perfection is the standard for our moral character and the motivation for religious practice. The whole moral code follows from his holiness.  [28]  Ericksons idea is that apart from Gods purity (holiness), it is impossible to worship Him rightly, as well as impossible to live rightly before Him. Without the ethical component of Gods holiness, humanity would be lost in a sea of relativity. Such is the danger of most of the heretical movements of religious history. We are living in a day of mental and moral and spiritual indolence, and therefore a time of superficial thinking in things relating to God and eternal matters.  [29]  These modern day religious movements amount to little more than mankinds attempt to subrogate Gods position as the ultimate authority over all creation. Almost without fail, every such attempt at heart is nothing more than a rejection of Gods holiness. The result is an attempt to replace Gods truth, which is absolute, with mans truth which is incomplete. Any such attempt can but fail because it is conceived in sin. Holiness points to Gods majestic purityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ because God is morally pure, He cannot condone evil or have any relationship to it.  [30]  Apart from the ethical component of Gods holiness, mankind can do little more than sear ch in vain for truth. 14Having established holiness as a fundamental attribute of God; a driving force behind His being as we know it, the question remains as to why this is important. There are two relational aspects of Gods holiness that must be understood. First, one must realize how Gods holiness affects His relationship with man as His creation, and conversely how mankind is to rightly respond to God because of His holiness. Only then may one understand how Gods holiness impacts a right relationship between man and men. These are sometimes referred to as vertical (God to man, and man to God), and horizontal (man to man) relationships. In each case, the success of this effort depends upon the holiness of God as it is imparted unto the believer. Humanity cannot please God apart from reflecting His holiness back to Him, and this is done through the proper relationships of love for God and for fellowman. Relationally speaking, there are considerations of Gods holiness, as a communicated attribute, that have implications for mankind as well. There is a display of Divine holiness in redemption. His holy nature will not allow Him to look upon sin with the least degree of allowance. Salvation is not at the expense of His holiness. The Redeemer must bear the wrath due the sinner, for wrath is the exercise of His holiness. Gods hatred of sin was as much manifested in redemption as it will be in judgment.  [31]  Understanding that Gods holiness is directed towards humanity for the purpose of glorifying Him through a right relationship is imperative for the development of the child of God. It is also foundational to the proper perspective of the creature, as he relates to the Creator, that man recognizes that the goal of the process of sanctification is the ultimate glorification to be found in the presence of God because of the work of Christ. Ryle states that, A man may go great length s, and yet never reach true holiness.  [32]  It is this work of God in mans life that makes him right before God, resulting in a desire to please God through the obedient life. Augustine said, When we praise God directly, we do it as we celebrate His Holiness.  [33]  In keeping with this thought, Martin Luther said, We should not be holy in order to earn or prevent something. For people who do this are hirelings, servants, and day laborers. They are not willing children and heirs who are holy for the sake of holiness that is, for the sake of God alone; for God Himself is Righteousness, Truth, Goodness, Wisdom, and Holiness.  [34]   16 Finally, because God is supremely holy, He is deserving of mankinds total adoration, love, respect, and worship. To know God aright, one must recognize above all else that He is different because of His holiness. It is this difference that at once sets Him apart, and at the same, time draws us to Him. This difference is predicated upon His absolute holiness. Gods holiness establishes His uniqueness, and not just His magnificence or grandeur. God demonstrates the vastness of the differences between His holiness and mans. Mankind is instructed to long for Gods holiness in such a way as to cause obedience and surrender in his life, yet to recognize the incomparability of Gods fire of a fierce divine love that will not rest content until God has redeemed all in a renewed heaven and a renewed earth that has become Gods dwelling place (Rev. 21-22). When our salvation is consummated we will be restored to the holiness of God. We will not have His power, nor His wisdom, but we will have H is holiness.  [35]   In conclusion, one must deduce that Gods holiness is perhaps His greatest gift to mankind, other than salvation. All His other gifts are predicated upon His holiness. Gods Holiness is foundational and all other actions emanate from His holiness. His righteousness, justice, love, grace, mercy and truth are what they are because He is holy. God is transcendent because of His holiness, yet even the desire to have a relationship with humanity is predicated upon Gods holiness. Like Isaiah, when confronted with the presence (His holiness) of Almighty God, all any man may say is Woe is me, for I am undone! Because I am a man of unclean lips, and I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips; For my eyes have seen the King, the LORD of hosts (Isa. 6:5). It is because of his holiness, that God is a consuming fire.  [36]  There is no right reaction apart from falling on ones face in utter humility and worship when confronted with this divine presence. However, because of the work of Chr ist for salvation, and the work of the Holy Spirit for glorification through sanctification, man may respond with great relief to Gods presence; because through these works, God has imparted a measure of His holiness to humanity, until the day comes when we stand